P/2013 G1 (Kowalski)
Metadata
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Designation | P/2013 G1 (Kowalski) |
| Type | P |
| Perihelion (tp_cal, UTC) | 2013-12-10T22:58:42.029760Z |
| Orbit solution date (soln_date, UTC) | 2021-04-15T23:32:32Z |
| Obs used | 261 |
| NEO | - |
| M1 | 13.400 |
| K1 | 4.500 |
| PC | - |
Osculating Elements
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Epoch (epoch_cal, TDB) | 2014-01-10.0000000 |
| e | 0.51239143 |
| q (au) | 3.353098 |
| a (au) | 6.876619 |
| i (deg) | 5.468623 |
| Ω (om, deg) | 221.484075 |
| ω (w, deg) | 51.239859 |
| M (ma, deg) | 1.642021 |
Magnitude
Scatter + Global Linear
$$ M_a = (16.051 + 2.000\cdot 2.5\log_{10} r) + \epsilon - 2.5\log_{10}\Phi(\theta) + 5\log_{10}\Delta $$ $$ \theta = 180^\circ - \alpha $$ $$ \Phi(\theta) = \frac{\delta_{90} D(\theta) + 1}{\delta_{90} + 1},\quad D(\theta) = k\cdot \Phi_{HG}(\theta; g_f) + (1-k)\cdot \Phi_{HG}(\theta; g_b) $$ $$ \Phi_{HG}(\theta; g) = \left(\frac{1+g^2}{1+g^2-2g\cos\theta}\right)^{3/2},\quad \Phi_{HG}(90^\circ)=1 $$
Model Parameters
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| H0 | 16.051 |
| n | 2.000 |
| gf | 1.000 |
| gb | -0.741 |
| k | 0.800 |
| δ90 | 10.000 |
| Parameter | Symbol | Range | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Absolute magnitude at 1 AU from Sun and Earth | H0 | -5 to 20 | Intrinsic brightness of the comet |
| Photometric slope parameter | n | 2 to 6 | Rate of brightness change with heliocentric distance |
| Forward scattering asymmetry factor | gf |
0.8 to 1 | Degree of forward scattering |
| Backward scattering asymmetry factor | gb |
-1 to -0.5 | Degree of backward scattering |
| Partitioning coefficient | k | 0.8 to 1 | Ratio between forward/backward scattering contributions |
| Dust-to-gas brightness ratio | δ90 | 1 to 10 | Relative contribution of dust scattering to gas emission |
Reference: EPSC-DPS2025-160
Residuals (Piecewise)
$$\epsilon = a \log_{10} r_{\mathrm{au}} + b$$
| Start (UTC) | End (UTC) | a | b |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2014-06-30 | 2014-12-10 | -34.5222 | +19.594 |
log10 r = log10(heliocentric distance / AU), Δ = geocentric distance (AU)
Finding Chart
Ephemeris
| Date/Time (UTC) | RA (J2000) | Dec (J2000) | Nearest HIP | Dist from HIP (arcmin) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-05-12 00:00 | 07:41:10.55 | +16:12:09.2 | HIP 37254 | 30.59 |
| 2026-05-12 12:00 | 07:41:18.98 | +16:12:01.6 | HIP 37254 | 32.60 |
| 2026-05-13 00:00 | 07:41:27.50 | +16:11:53.8 | HIP 37662 | 32.04 |
| 2026-05-13 12:00 | 07:41:36.10 | +16:11:45.7 | HIP 37662 | 30.02 |
| 2026-05-14 00:00 | 07:41:44.78 | +16:11:37.2 | HIP 37662 | 27.99 |
| 2026-05-14 12:00 | 07:41:53.53 | +16:11:28.5 | HIP 37662 | 25.96 |
| 2026-05-15 00:00 | 07:42:02.37 | +16:11:19.4 | HIP 37662 | 23.91 |
| 2026-05-15 12:00 | 07:42:11.29 | +16:11:10.0 | HIP 37662 | 21.87 |
| 2026-05-16 00:00 | 07:42:20.28 | +16:11:00.3 | HIP 37662 | 19.84 |
| 2026-05-16 12:00 | 07:42:29.36 | +16:10:50.4 | HIP 37662 | 17.81 |
| 2026-05-17 00:00 | 07:42:38.51 | +16:10:40.1 | HIP 37662 | 15.82 |
| 2026-05-17 12:00 | 07:42:47.73 | +16:10:29.5 | HIP 37662 | 13.87 |
| 2026-05-18 00:00 | 07:42:57.03 | +16:10:18.5 | HIP 37662 | 12.01 |
| 2026-05-18 12:00 | 07:43:06.41 | +16:10:07.3 | HIP 37662 | 10.29 |
| 2026-05-19 00:00 | 07:43:15.87 | +16:09:55.8 | HIP 37662 | 8.81 |
| 2026-05-19 12:00 | 07:43:25.39 | +16:09:44.0 | HIP 37662 | 7.72 |
| 2026-05-20 00:00 | 07:43:34.99 | +16:09:31.8 | HIP 37662 | 7.22 |
| 2026-05-20 12:00 | 07:43:44.67 | +16:09:19.4 | HIP 37662 | 7.46 |
| 2026-05-21 00:00 | 07:43:54.41 | +16:09:06.7 | HIP 37662 | 8.37 |
| 2026-05-21 12:00 | 07:44:04.23 | +16:08:53.6 | HIP 37662 | 9.79 |
| 2026-05-22 00:00 | 07:44:14.12 | +16:08:40.2 | HIP 37662 | 11.54 |
| 2026-05-22 12:00 | 07:44:24.08 | +16:08:26.6 | HIP 37662 | 13.51 |
| 2026-05-23 00:00 | 07:44:34.11 | +16:08:12.6 | HIP 37662 | 15.61 |
| 2026-05-23 12:00 | 07:44:44.21 | +16:07:58.4 | HIP 37797 | 14.80 |
| 2026-05-24 00:00 | 07:44:54.38 | +16:07:43.8 | HIP 37797 | 14.11 |
| 2026-05-24 12:00 | 07:45:04.61 | +16:07:28.9 | HIP 37797 | 13.81 |
| 2026-05-25 00:00 | 07:45:14.91 | +16:07:13.7 | HIP 37797 | 13.96 |
| 2026-05-25 12:00 | 07:45:25.28 | +16:06:58.3 | HIP 37797 | 14.53 |
| 2026-05-26 00:00 | 07:45:35.72 | +16:06:42.5 | HIP 37797 | 15.50 |
| 2026-05-26 12:00 | 07:45:46.22 | +16:06:26.4 | HIP 37797 | 16.81 |
| 2026-05-27 00:00 | 07:45:56.79 | +16:06:10.0 | HIP 37797 | 18.38 |
| 2026-05-27 12:00 | 07:46:07.42 | +16:05:53.4 | HIP 37797 | 20.16 |
| 2026-05-28 00:00 | 07:46:18.11 | +16:05:36.4 | HIP 37911 | 20.81 |
| 2026-05-28 12:00 | 07:46:28.87 | +16:05:19.1 | HIP 37911 | 21.51 |
| 2026-05-29 00:00 | 07:46:39.69 | +16:05:01.5 | HIP 37911 | 22.50 |
| 2026-05-29 12:00 | 07:46:50.58 | +16:04:43.7 | HIP 37911 | 23.75 |
| 2026-05-30 00:00 | 07:47:01.52 | +16:04:25.5 | HIP 38026 | 23.46 |
| 2026-05-30 12:00 | 07:47:12.53 | +16:04:07.0 | HIP 38026 | 22.41 |
| 2026-05-31 00:00 | 07:47:23.60 | +16:03:48.3 | HIP 38026 | 21.62 |
| 2026-05-31 12:00 | 07:47:34.73 | +16:03:29.2 | HIP 38026 | 21.15 |
| 2026-06-01 00:00 | 07:47:45.91 | +16:03:09.9 | HIP 38026 | 21.01 |
| 2026-06-01 12:00 | 07:47:57.16 | +16:02:50.2 | HIP 38026 | 21.21 |
| 2026-06-02 00:00 | 07:48:08.47 | +16:02:30.3 | HIP 38026 | 21.76 |