P/2013 G1 (Kowalski)
Metadata
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Designation | P/2013 G1 (Kowalski) |
| Type | P |
| Perihelion (tp_cal, UTC) | 2013-12-10T22:58:42.029760Z |
| Orbit solution date (soln_date, UTC) | 2021-04-15T23:32:32Z |
| Obs used | 261 |
| NEO | - |
| M1 | 13.400 |
| K1 | 4.500 |
| PC | - |
Osculating Elements
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Epoch (epoch_cal, TDB) | 2014-01-10.0000000 |
| e | 0.51239143 |
| q (au) | 3.353098 |
| a (au) | 6.876619 |
| i (deg) | 5.468623 |
| Ω (om, deg) | 221.484075 |
| ω (w, deg) | 51.239859 |
| M (ma, deg) | 1.642021 |
Magnitude
Scatter + Global Linear
$$ M_a = (16.051 + 2.000\cdot 2.5\log_{10} r) + \epsilon - 2.5\log_{10}\Phi(\theta) + 5\log_{10}\Delta $$ $$ \theta = 180^\circ - \alpha $$ $$ \Phi(\theta) = \frac{\delta_{90} D(\theta) + 1}{\delta_{90} + 1},\quad D(\theta) = k\cdot \Phi_{HG}(\theta; g_f) + (1-k)\cdot \Phi_{HG}(\theta; g_b) $$ $$ \Phi_{HG}(\theta; g) = \left(\frac{1+g^2}{1+g^2-2g\cos\theta}\right)^{3/2},\quad \Phi_{HG}(90^\circ)=1 $$
Model Parameters
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| H0 | 16.051 |
| n | 2.000 |
| gf | 1.000 |
| gb | -0.741 |
| k | 0.800 |
| δ90 | 10.000 |
| Parameter | Symbol | Range | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Absolute magnitude at 1 AU from Sun and Earth | H0 | -5 to 20 | Intrinsic brightness of the comet |
| Photometric slope parameter | n | 2 to 6 | Rate of brightness change with heliocentric distance |
| Forward scattering asymmetry factor | gf |
0.8 to 1 | Degree of forward scattering |
| Backward scattering asymmetry factor | gb |
-1 to -0.5 | Degree of backward scattering |
| Partitioning coefficient | k | 0.8 to 1 | Ratio between forward/backward scattering contributions |
| Dust-to-gas brightness ratio | δ90 | 1 to 10 | Relative contribution of dust scattering to gas emission |
Reference: EPSC-DPS2025-160
Residuals (Piecewise)
$$\epsilon = a \log_{10} r_{\mathrm{au}} + b$$
| Start (UTC) | End (UTC) | a | b |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2014-06-30 | 2014-12-10 | -34.5222 | +19.594 |
log10 r = log10(heliocentric distance / AU), Δ = geocentric distance (AU)
Finding Chart
Ephemeris
| Date/Time (UTC) | RA (J2000) | Dec (J2000) | Nearest HIP | Dist from HIP (arcmin) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-03-26 00:00 | 07:35:03.99 | +16:02:08.1 | HIP 37019 | 21.03 |
| 2026-03-26 12:00 | 07:35:02.95 | +16:02:27.2 | HIP 37019 | 21.24 |
| 2026-03-27 00:00 | 07:35:02.02 | +16:02:46.0 | HIP 37019 | 21.44 |
| 2026-03-27 12:00 | 07:35:01.21 | +16:03:04.6 | HIP 37019 | 21.61 |
| 2026-03-28 00:00 | 07:35:00.51 | +16:03:22.9 | HIP 37019 | 21.76 |
| 2026-03-28 12:00 | 07:34:59.92 | +16:03:41.0 | HIP 37019 | 21.88 |
| 2026-03-29 00:00 | 07:34:59.45 | +16:03:58.8 | HIP 37019 | 21.99 |
| 2026-03-29 12:00 | 07:34:59.08 | +16:04:16.4 | HIP 37019 | 22.07 |
| 2026-03-30 00:00 | 07:34:58.83 | +16:04:33.7 | HIP 37019 | 22.13 |
| 2026-03-30 12:00 | 07:34:58.69 | +16:04:50.8 | HIP 37019 | 22.16 |
| 2026-03-31 00:00 | 07:34:58.66 | +16:05:07.6 | HIP 37019 | 22.17 |
| 2026-03-31 12:00 | 07:34:58.74 | +16:05:24.2 | HIP 37019 | 22.16 |
| 2026-04-01 00:00 | 07:34:58.93 | +16:05:40.5 | HIP 37019 | 22.13 |
| 2026-04-01 12:00 | 07:34:59.23 | +16:05:56.6 | HIP 37019 | 22.07 |
| 2026-04-02 00:00 | 07:34:59.65 | +16:06:12.4 | HIP 37019 | 21.99 |
| 2026-04-02 12:00 | 07:35:00.17 | +16:06:27.9 | HIP 37019 | 21.89 |
| 2026-04-03 00:00 | 07:35:00.81 | +16:06:43.2 | HIP 37019 | 21.76 |
| 2026-04-03 12:00 | 07:35:01.55 | +16:06:58.3 | HIP 37019 | 21.60 |
| 2026-04-04 00:00 | 07:35:02.41 | +16:07:13.1 | HIP 37019 | 21.43 |
| 2026-04-04 12:00 | 07:35:03.38 | +16:07:27.6 | HIP 37019 | 21.23 |
| 2026-04-05 00:00 | 07:35:04.45 | +16:07:41.8 | HIP 37019 | 21.01 |
| 2026-04-05 12:00 | 07:35:05.64 | +16:07:55.8 | HIP 37019 | 20.76 |
| 2026-04-06 00:00 | 07:35:06.94 | +16:08:09.6 | HIP 37019 | 20.49 |
| 2026-04-06 12:00 | 07:35:08.34 | +16:08:23.0 | HIP 37019 | 20.20 |
| 2026-04-07 00:00 | 07:35:09.86 | +16:08:36.2 | HIP 37019 | 19.89 |
| 2026-04-07 12:00 | 07:35:11.49 | +16:08:49.2 | HIP 37019 | 19.55 |
| 2026-04-08 00:00 | 07:35:13.22 | +16:09:01.8 | HIP 37019 | 19.19 |
| 2026-04-08 12:00 | 07:35:15.07 | +16:09:14.2 | HIP 37019 | 18.81 |
| 2026-04-09 00:00 | 07:35:17.02 | +16:09:26.4 | HIP 37019 | 18.41 |
| 2026-04-09 12:00 | 07:35:19.08 | +16:09:38.2 | HIP 37019 | 17.99 |
| 2026-04-10 00:00 | 07:35:21.25 | +16:09:49.8 | HIP 37019 | 17.55 |
| 2026-04-10 12:00 | 07:35:23.53 | +16:10:01.1 | HIP 37019 | 17.09 |
| 2026-04-11 00:00 | 07:35:25.92 | +16:10:12.2 | HIP 37019 | 16.60 |
| 2026-04-11 12:00 | 07:35:28.41 | +16:10:22.9 | HIP 37019 | 16.11 |
| 2026-04-12 00:00 | 07:35:31.01 | +16:10:33.4 | HIP 37019 | 15.59 |
| 2026-04-12 12:00 | 07:35:33.72 | +16:10:43.6 | HIP 37019 | 15.06 |
| 2026-04-13 00:00 | 07:35:36.54 | +16:10:53.6 | HIP 37019 | 14.52 |
| 2026-04-13 12:00 | 07:35:39.46 | +16:11:03.2 | HIP 37019 | 13.96 |
| 2026-04-14 00:00 | 07:35:42.49 | +16:11:12.6 | HIP 37019 | 13.40 |
| 2026-04-14 12:00 | 07:35:45.63 | +16:11:21.7 | HIP 37019 | 12.83 |
| 2026-04-15 00:00 | 07:35:48.87 | +16:11:30.5 | HIP 37019 | 12.26 |
| 2026-04-15 12:00 | 07:35:52.22 | +16:11:39.0 | HIP 37019 | 11.69 |
| 2026-04-16 00:00 | 07:35:55.68 | +16:11:47.2 | HIP 37019 | 11.13 |