P/2013 G1 (Kowalski)
Metadata
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Designation | P/2013 G1 (Kowalski) |
| Type | P |
| Perihelion (tp_cal, UTC) | 2013-12-10T22:58:42.029760Z |
| Orbit solution date (soln_date, UTC) | 2021-04-15T23:32:32Z |
| Obs used | 261 |
| NEO | - |
| M1 | 13.400 |
| K1 | 4.500 |
| PC | - |
Osculating Elements
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Epoch (epoch_cal, TDB) | 2014-01-10.0000000 |
| e | 0.51239143 |
| q (au) | 3.353098 |
| a (au) | 6.876619 |
| i (deg) | 5.468623 |
| Ω (om, deg) | 221.484075 |
| ω (w, deg) | 51.239859 |
| M (ma, deg) | 1.642021 |
Magnitude
Scatter + Global Linear
$$ M_a = (16.051 + 2.000\cdot 2.5\log_{10} r) + \epsilon - 2.5\log_{10}\Phi(\theta) + 5\log_{10}\Delta $$ $$ \theta = 180^\circ - \alpha $$ $$ \Phi(\theta) = \frac{\delta_{90} D(\theta) + 1}{\delta_{90} + 1},\quad D(\theta) = k\cdot \Phi_{HG}(\theta; g_f) + (1-k)\cdot \Phi_{HG}(\theta; g_b) $$ $$ \Phi_{HG}(\theta; g) = \left(\frac{1+g^2}{1+g^2-2g\cos\theta}\right)^{3/2},\quad \Phi_{HG}(90^\circ)=1 $$
Model Parameters
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| H0 | 16.051 |
| n | 2.000 |
| gf | 1.000 |
| gb | -0.741 |
| k | 0.800 |
| δ90 | 10.000 |
| Parameter | Symbol | Range | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Absolute magnitude at 1 AU from Sun and Earth | H0 | -5 to 20 | Intrinsic brightness of the comet |
| Photometric slope parameter | n | 2 to 6 | Rate of brightness change with heliocentric distance |
| Forward scattering asymmetry factor | gf |
0.8 to 1 | Degree of forward scattering |
| Backward scattering asymmetry factor | gb |
-1 to -0.5 | Degree of backward scattering |
| Partitioning coefficient | k | 0.8 to 1 | Ratio between forward/backward scattering contributions |
| Dust-to-gas brightness ratio | δ90 | 1 to 10 | Relative contribution of dust scattering to gas emission |
Reference: EPSC-DPS2025-160
Residuals (Piecewise)
$$\epsilon = a \log_{10} r_{\mathrm{au}} + b$$
| Start (UTC) | End (UTC) | a | b |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2014-06-30 | 2014-12-10 | -34.5222 | +19.594 |
log10 r = log10(heliocentric distance / AU), Δ = geocentric distance (AU)
Finding Chart
Ephemeris
| Date/Time (UTC) | RA (J2000) | Dec (J2000) | Nearest HIP | Dist from HIP (arcmin) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-02-03 00:00 | 07:45:40.81 | +15:14:46.8 | HIP 37685 | 25.89 |
| 2026-02-03 12:00 | 07:45:30.61 | +15:15:18.7 | HIP 37685 | 23.42 |
| 2026-02-04 00:00 | 07:45:20.45 | +15:15:50.6 | HIP 37685 | 20.97 |
| 2026-02-04 12:00 | 07:45:10.34 | +15:16:22.6 | HIP 37685 | 18.55 |
| 2026-02-05 00:00 | 07:45:00.27 | +15:16:54.5 | HIP 37685 | 16.17 |
| 2026-02-05 12:00 | 07:44:50.26 | +15:17:26.5 | HIP 37685 | 13.83 |
| 2026-02-06 00:00 | 07:44:40.29 | +15:17:58.5 | HIP 37685 | 11.56 |
| 2026-02-06 12:00 | 07:44:30.38 | +15:18:30.6 | HIP 37685 | 9.40 |
| 2026-02-07 00:00 | 07:44:20.52 | +15:19:02.6 | HIP 37685 | 7.43 |
| 2026-02-07 12:00 | 07:44:10.71 | +15:19:34.6 | HIP 37685 | 5.84 |
| 2026-02-08 00:00 | 07:44:00.96 | +15:20:06.6 | HIP 37685 | 4.98 |
| 2026-02-08 12:00 | 07:43:51.26 | +15:20:38.7 | HIP 37685 | 5.21 |
| 2026-02-09 00:00 | 07:43:41.62 | +15:21:10.7 | HIP 37685 | 6.39 |
| 2026-02-09 12:00 | 07:43:32.04 | +15:21:42.7 | HIP 37685 | 8.11 |
| 2026-02-10 00:00 | 07:43:22.52 | +15:22:14.7 | HIP 37685 | 10.09 |
| 2026-02-10 12:00 | 07:43:13.06 | +15:22:46.7 | HIP 37685 | 12.19 |
| 2026-02-11 00:00 | 07:43:03.67 | +15:23:18.6 | HIP 37685 | 14.35 |
| 2026-02-11 12:00 | 07:42:54.33 | +15:23:50.5 | HIP 37685 | 16.54 |
| 2026-02-12 00:00 | 07:42:45.06 | +15:24:22.4 | HIP 37499 | 17.51 |
| 2026-02-12 12:00 | 07:42:35.86 | +15:24:54.3 | HIP 37499 | 15.45 |
| 2026-02-13 00:00 | 07:42:26.72 | +15:25:26.2 | HIP 37499 | 13.47 |
| 2026-02-13 12:00 | 07:42:17.65 | +15:25:57.9 | HIP 37499 | 11.61 |
| 2026-02-14 00:00 | 07:42:08.65 | +15:26:29.7 | HIP 37499 | 9.92 |
| 2026-02-14 12:00 | 07:41:59.72 | +15:27:01.4 | HIP 37499 | 8.50 |
| 2026-02-15 00:00 | 07:41:50.86 | +15:27:33.1 | HIP 37499 | 7.47 |
| 2026-02-15 12:00 | 07:41:42.07 | +15:28:04.7 | HIP 37499 | 6.99 |
| 2026-02-16 00:00 | 07:41:33.36 | +15:28:36.2 | HIP 37499 | 7.18 |
| 2026-02-16 12:00 | 07:41:24.72 | +15:29:07.7 | HIP 37499 | 7.96 |
| 2026-02-17 00:00 | 07:41:16.15 | +15:29:39.1 | HIP 37499 | 9.17 |
| 2026-02-17 12:00 | 07:41:07.67 | +15:30:10.5 | HIP 37499 | 10.65 |
| 2026-02-18 00:00 | 07:40:59.26 | +15:30:41.8 | HIP 37499 | 12.30 |
| 2026-02-18 12:00 | 07:40:50.93 | +15:31:13.0 | HIP 37499 | 14.05 |
| 2026-02-19 00:00 | 07:40:42.67 | +15:31:44.1 | HIP 37499 | 15.86 |
| 2026-02-19 12:00 | 07:40:34.50 | +15:32:15.2 | HIP 37499 | 17.71 |
| 2026-02-20 00:00 | 07:40:26.42 | +15:32:46.2 | HIP 37499 | 19.57 |
| 2026-02-20 12:00 | 07:40:18.41 | +15:33:17.1 | HIP 37499 | 21.44 |
| 2026-02-21 00:00 | 07:40:10.49 | +15:33:47.8 | HIP 37499 | 23.31 |
| 2026-02-21 12:00 | 07:40:02.65 | +15:34:18.5 | HIP 37499 | 25.18 |
| 2026-02-22 00:00 | 07:39:54.90 | +15:34:49.1 | HIP 37499 | 27.04 |
| 2026-02-22 12:00 | 07:39:47.23 | +15:35:19.6 | HIP 37499 | 28.88 |
| 2026-02-23 00:00 | 07:39:39.65 | +15:35:50.0 | HIP 37499 | 30.72 |
| 2026-02-23 12:00 | 07:39:32.16 | +15:36:20.3 | HIP 37242 | 30.75 |
| 2026-02-24 00:00 | 07:39:24.75 | +15:36:50.5 | HIP 37242 | 29.80 |