| Parameter |
Value |
| Designation |
440P/Kobayashi |
| Type |
P |
| Perihelion (tp_cal, UTC) |
2022-03-26T11:34:50.255040Z |
| Orbit solution date (soln_date, UTC) |
2024-07-07T00:42:22Z |
| Obs used |
829 |
| NEO |
- |
| M1 |
7.400 |
| K1 |
32.250 |
| PC |
0.030 |
Osculating Elements
| Parameter |
Value |
| Epoch (epoch_cal, TDB) |
2014-11-01.0000000 |
| e |
0.76109197 |
| q (au) |
2.046559 |
| a (au) |
8.566304 |
| i (deg) |
12.379964 |
| Ω (om, deg) |
329.032199 |
| ω (w, deg) |
183.293142 |
| M (ma, deg) |
253.762760 |
Magnitude
Scatter + Global Linear
$$
M_a = (12.175 + 6.000\cdot 2.5\log_{10} r) + \epsilon - 2.5\log_{10}\Phi(\theta) + 5\log_{10}\Delta
$$
$$
\theta = 180^\circ - \alpha
$$
$$
\Phi(\theta) = \frac{\delta_{90} D(\theta) + 1}{\delta_{90} + 1},\quad D(\theta) = k\cdot \Phi_{HG}(\theta; g_f) + (1-k)\cdot \Phi_{HG}(\theta; g_b)
$$
$$
\Phi_{HG}(\theta; g) = \left(\frac{1+g^2}{1+g^2-2g\cos\theta}\right)^{3/2},\quad \Phi_{HG}(90^\circ)=1
$$
Model Parameters
| Parameter |
Value |
| H0 |
12.175 |
| n |
6.000 |
| gf |
1.000 |
| gb |
-0.998 |
| k |
1.000 |
| δ90 |
10.000 |
| Parameter |
Symbol |
Range |
Description |
| Absolute magnitude at 1 AU from Sun and Earth |
H0 |
-5 to 20 |
Intrinsic brightness of the comet |
| Photometric slope parameter |
n |
2 to 6 |
Rate of brightness change with heliocentric distance |
| Forward scattering asymmetry factor |
gf |
0.8 to 1 |
Degree of forward scattering |
| Backward scattering asymmetry factor |
gb |
-1 to -0.5 |
Degree of backward scattering |
| Partitioning coefficient |
k |
0.8 to 1 |
Ratio between forward/backward scattering contributions |
| Dust-to-gas brightness ratio |
δ90 |
1 to 10 |
Relative contribution of dust scattering to gas emission |
Reference: EPSC-DPS2025-160
Residuals (Piecewise)
$$\epsilon = a \log_{10} r_{\mathrm{au}} + b$$
| Start (UTC) |
End (UTC) |
a |
b |
| 2021-12-08 |
2022-03-26 |
+29.4009 |
-9.339 |
log10 r = log10(heliocentric distance / AU), Δ = geocentric distance (AU)
Ephemeris
| Date/Time (UTC) |
RA (J2000) |
Dec (J2000) |
Nearest HIP |
Dist from HIP (arcmin) |
| 2026-05-12 00:00 |
20:35:51.88 |
-25:12:36.4 |
HIP 101577 |
18.74 |
| 2026-05-12 12:00 |
20:35:50.81 |
-25:12:53.1 |
HIP 101577 |
18.38 |
| 2026-05-13 00:00 |
20:35:49.63 |
-25:13:10.1 |
HIP 101577 |
18.00 |
| 2026-05-13 12:00 |
20:35:48.34 |
-25:13:27.5 |
HIP 101577 |
17.60 |
| 2026-05-14 00:00 |
20:35:46.94 |
-25:13:45.3 |
HIP 101577 |
17.19 |
| 2026-05-14 12:00 |
20:35:45.43 |
-25:14:03.3 |
HIP 101577 |
16.76 |
| 2026-05-15 00:00 |
20:35:43.81 |
-25:14:21.8 |
HIP 101577 |
16.32 |
| 2026-05-15 12:00 |
20:35:42.09 |
-25:14:40.6 |
HIP 101577 |
15.87 |
| 2026-05-16 00:00 |
20:35:40.25 |
-25:14:59.7 |
HIP 101577 |
15.40 |
| 2026-05-16 12:00 |
20:35:38.30 |
-25:15:19.1 |
HIP 101577 |
14.92 |
| 2026-05-17 00:00 |
20:35:36.25 |
-25:15:38.9 |
HIP 101577 |
14.42 |
| 2026-05-17 12:00 |
20:35:34.08 |
-25:15:59.0 |
HIP 101577 |
13.92 |
| 2026-05-18 00:00 |
20:35:31.81 |
-25:16:19.5 |
HIP 101577 |
13.42 |
| 2026-05-18 12:00 |
20:35:29.43 |
-25:16:40.3 |
HIP 101577 |
12.91 |
| 2026-05-19 00:00 |
20:35:26.94 |
-25:17:01.4 |
HIP 101577 |
12.40 |
| 2026-05-19 12:00 |
20:35:24.34 |
-25:17:22.8 |
HIP 101577 |
11.89 |
| 2026-05-20 00:00 |
20:35:21.63 |
-25:17:44.5 |
HIP 101577 |
11.39 |
| 2026-05-20 12:00 |
20:35:18.81 |
-25:18:06.6 |
HIP 101577 |
10.90 |
| 2026-05-21 00:00 |
20:35:15.89 |
-25:18:29.0 |
HIP 101577 |
10.44 |
| 2026-05-21 12:00 |
20:35:12.86 |
-25:18:51.6 |
HIP 101577 |
10.01 |
| 2026-05-22 00:00 |
20:35:09.73 |
-25:19:14.6 |
HIP 101577 |
9.61 |
| 2026-05-22 12:00 |
20:35:06.48 |
-25:19:37.9 |
HIP 101577 |
9.27 |
| 2026-05-23 00:00 |
20:35:03.14 |
-25:20:01.5 |
HIP 101577 |
8.99 |
| 2026-05-23 12:00 |
20:34:59.68 |
-25:20:25.4 |
HIP 101577 |
8.78 |
| 2026-05-24 00:00 |
20:34:56.12 |
-25:20:49.6 |
HIP 101577 |
8.66 |
| 2026-05-24 12:00 |
20:34:52.45 |
-25:21:14.0 |
HIP 101577 |
8.65 |
| 2026-05-25 00:00 |
20:34:48.68 |
-25:21:38.8 |
HIP 101577 |
8.74 |
| 2026-05-25 12:00 |
20:34:44.81 |
-25:22:03.8 |
HIP 101577 |
8.94 |
| 2026-05-26 00:00 |
20:34:40.83 |
-25:22:29.1 |
HIP 101577 |
9.25 |
| 2026-05-26 12:00 |
20:34:36.74 |
-25:22:54.7 |
HIP 101577 |
9.67 |
| 2026-05-27 00:00 |
20:34:32.56 |
-25:23:20.6 |
HIP 101577 |
10.20 |
| 2026-05-27 12:00 |
20:34:28.27 |
-25:23:46.7 |
HIP 101577 |
10.81 |
| 2026-05-28 00:00 |
20:34:23.87 |
-25:24:13.1 |
HIP 101577 |
11.51 |
| 2026-05-28 12:00 |
20:34:19.37 |
-25:24:39.8 |
HIP 101577 |
12.29 |
| 2026-05-29 00:00 |
20:34:14.78 |
-25:25:06.7 |
HIP 101577 |
13.14 |
| 2026-05-29 12:00 |
20:34:10.08 |
-25:25:33.9 |
HIP 101577 |
14.04 |
| 2026-05-30 00:00 |
20:34:05.27 |
-25:26:01.4 |
HIP 101577 |
15.01 |
| 2026-05-30 12:00 |
20:34:00.37 |
-25:26:29.0 |
HIP 101577 |
16.02 |
| 2026-05-31 00:00 |
20:33:55.36 |
-25:26:57.0 |
HIP 101577 |
17.08 |
| 2026-05-31 12:00 |
20:33:50.26 |
-25:27:25.1 |
HIP 101577 |
18.18 |
| 2026-06-01 00:00 |
20:33:45.05 |
-25:27:53.5 |
HIP 101577 |
19.32 |
| 2026-06-01 12:00 |
20:33:39.75 |
-25:28:22.2 |
HIP 101577 |
20.50 |
| 2026-06-02 00:00 |
20:33:34.35 |
-25:28:51.1 |
HIP 101577 |
21.71 |