| Parameter |
Value |
| Designation |
C/2016 E2 (Kowalski) |
| Type |
C |
| Perihelion (tp_cal, UTC) |
2016-02-06T16:22:22.641600Z |
| Orbit solution date (soln_date, UTC) |
2022-06-07T21:44:07Z |
| Obs used |
108 |
| NEO |
- |
| M1 |
20.700 |
| K1 |
4.750 |
| PC |
- |
Osculating Elements
| Parameter |
Value |
| Epoch (epoch_cal, TDB) |
2016-03-19.0000000 |
| e |
1.00022643 |
| q (au) |
1.075383 |
| a (au) |
-4749.316616 |
| i (deg) |
135.997156 |
| Ω (om, deg) |
186.665157 |
| ω (w, deg) |
321.971509 |
| M (ma, deg) |
0.000124 |
Magnitude
Scatter + Global Linear
$$
M_a = (19.818 + 2.000\cdot 2.5\log_{10} r) + \epsilon - 2.5\log_{10}\Phi(\theta) + 5\log_{10}\Delta
$$
$$
\theta = 180^\circ - \alpha
$$
$$
\Phi(\theta) = \frac{\delta_{90} D(\theta) + 1}{\delta_{90} + 1},\quad D(\theta) = k\cdot \Phi_{HG}(\theta; g_f) + (1-k)\cdot \Phi_{HG}(\theta; g_b)
$$
$$
\Phi_{HG}(\theta; g) = \left(\frac{1+g^2}{1+g^2-2g\cos\theta}\right)^{3/2},\quad \Phi_{HG}(90^\circ)=1
$$
Model Parameters
| Parameter |
Value |
| H0 |
19.818 |
| n |
2.000 |
| gf |
1.000 |
| gb |
-0.877 |
| k |
1.000 |
| δ90 |
10.000 |
| Parameter |
Symbol |
Range |
Description |
| Absolute magnitude at 1 AU from Sun and Earth |
H0 |
-5 to 20 |
Intrinsic brightness of the comet |
| Photometric slope parameter |
n |
2 to 6 |
Rate of brightness change with heliocentric distance |
| Forward scattering asymmetry factor |
gf |
0.8 to 1 |
Degree of forward scattering |
| Backward scattering asymmetry factor |
gb |
-1 to -0.5 |
Degree of backward scattering |
| Partitioning coefficient |
k |
0.8 to 1 |
Ratio between forward/backward scattering contributions |
| Dust-to-gas brightness ratio |
δ90 |
1 to 10 |
Relative contribution of dust scattering to gas emission |
Reference: EPSC-DPS2025-160
Ephemeris
| Date/Time (UTC) |
RA (J2000) |
Dec (J2000) |
Nearest HIP |
Dist from HIP (arcmin) |
| 2026-05-12 00:00 |
02:57:51.34 |
+55:05:37.9 |
HIP 13980 |
19.79 |
| 2026-05-12 12:00 |
02:57:58.46 |
+55:05:52.9 |
HIP 13980 |
18.74 |
| 2026-05-13 00:00 |
02:58:05.57 |
+55:06:08.3 |
HIP 13980 |
17.70 |
| 2026-05-13 12:00 |
02:58:12.68 |
+55:06:24.0 |
HIP 13980 |
16.65 |
| 2026-05-14 00:00 |
02:58:19.79 |
+55:06:39.9 |
HIP 13980 |
15.60 |
| 2026-05-14 12:00 |
02:58:26.88 |
+55:06:56.2 |
HIP 13980 |
14.55 |
| 2026-05-15 00:00 |
02:58:33.98 |
+55:07:12.8 |
HIP 13980 |
13.50 |
| 2026-05-15 12:00 |
02:58:41.06 |
+55:07:29.7 |
HIP 13980 |
12.45 |
| 2026-05-16 00:00 |
02:58:48.13 |
+55:07:46.9 |
HIP 13980 |
11.40 |
| 2026-05-16 12:00 |
02:58:55.20 |
+55:08:04.4 |
HIP 13980 |
10.35 |
| 2026-05-17 00:00 |
02:59:02.26 |
+55:08:22.2 |
HIP 13980 |
9.30 |
| 2026-05-17 12:00 |
02:59:09.31 |
+55:08:40.3 |
HIP 13980 |
8.25 |
| 2026-05-18 00:00 |
02:59:16.35 |
+55:08:58.7 |
HIP 13980 |
7.20 |
| 2026-05-18 12:00 |
02:59:23.37 |
+55:09:17.4 |
HIP 13980 |
6.14 |
| 2026-05-19 00:00 |
02:59:30.39 |
+55:09:36.4 |
HIP 13980 |
5.09 |
| 2026-05-19 12:00 |
02:59:37.40 |
+55:09:55.7 |
HIP 13980 |
4.04 |
| 2026-05-20 00:00 |
02:59:44.39 |
+55:10:15.3 |
HIP 13980 |
2.99 |
| 2026-05-20 12:00 |
02:59:51.38 |
+55:10:35.2 |
HIP 13980 |
1.94 |
| 2026-05-21 00:00 |
02:59:58.35 |
+55:10:55.3 |
HIP 13980 |
0.90 |
| 2026-05-21 12:00 |
03:00:05.31 |
+55:11:15.8 |
HIP 13980 |
0.18 |
| 2026-05-22 00:00 |
03:00:12.25 |
+55:11:36.5 |
HIP 13980 |
1.21 |
| 2026-05-22 12:00 |
03:00:19.18 |
+55:11:57.5 |
HIP 13980 |
2.26 |
| 2026-05-23 00:00 |
03:00:26.10 |
+55:12:18.8 |
HIP 13980 |
3.31 |
| 2026-05-23 12:00 |
03:00:33.00 |
+55:12:40.3 |
HIP 13980 |
4.35 |
| 2026-05-24 00:00 |
03:00:39.88 |
+55:13:02.2 |
HIP 13980 |
5.40 |
| 2026-05-24 12:00 |
03:00:46.75 |
+55:13:24.3 |
HIP 13980 |
6.45 |
| 2026-05-25 00:00 |
03:00:53.61 |
+55:13:46.7 |
HIP 13980 |
7.49 |
| 2026-05-25 12:00 |
03:01:00.45 |
+55:14:09.4 |
HIP 13980 |
8.54 |
| 2026-05-26 00:00 |
03:01:07.27 |
+55:14:32.3 |
HIP 13980 |
9.58 |
| 2026-05-26 12:00 |
03:01:14.07 |
+55:14:55.5 |
HIP 13980 |
10.62 |
| 2026-05-27 00:00 |
03:01:20.86 |
+55:15:19.0 |
HIP 13980 |
11.67 |
| 2026-05-27 12:00 |
03:01:27.63 |
+55:15:42.7 |
HIP 13980 |
12.71 |
| 2026-05-28 00:00 |
03:01:34.38 |
+55:16:06.7 |
HIP 13980 |
13.75 |
| 2026-05-28 12:00 |
03:01:41.11 |
+55:16:31.0 |
HIP 13980 |
14.79 |
| 2026-05-29 00:00 |
03:01:47.82 |
+55:16:55.5 |
HIP 14226 |
15.38 |
| 2026-05-29 12:00 |
03:01:54.51 |
+55:17:20.3 |
HIP 14226 |
14.34 |
| 2026-05-30 00:00 |
03:02:01.18 |
+55:17:45.3 |
HIP 14226 |
13.31 |
| 2026-05-30 12:00 |
03:02:07.84 |
+55:18:10.6 |
HIP 14226 |
12.27 |
| 2026-05-31 00:00 |
03:02:14.47 |
+55:18:36.2 |
HIP 14226 |
11.24 |
| 2026-05-31 12:00 |
03:02:21.08 |
+55:19:02.0 |
HIP 14226 |
10.20 |
| 2026-06-01 00:00 |
03:02:27.67 |
+55:19:28.0 |
HIP 14226 |
9.17 |
| 2026-06-01 12:00 |
03:02:34.24 |
+55:19:54.4 |
HIP 14226 |
8.14 |
| 2026-06-02 00:00 |
03:02:40.78 |
+55:20:20.9 |
HIP 14226 |
7.11 |