C/2016 E2 (Kowalski)
| Parameter |
Value |
| Designation |
C/2016 E2 (Kowalski) |
| Type |
C |
| Perihelion (tp_cal, UTC) |
2016-02-06T16:22:22.641600Z |
| Orbit solution date (soln_date, UTC) |
2022-06-07T21:44:07Z |
| Obs used |
108 |
| NEO |
- |
| M1 |
20.700 |
| K1 |
4.750 |
| PC |
- |
Osculating Elements
| Parameter |
Value |
| Epoch (epoch_cal, TDB) |
2016-03-19.0000000 |
| e |
1.00022643 |
| q (au) |
1.075383 |
| a (au) |
-4749.316616 |
| i (deg) |
135.997156 |
| Ω (om, deg) |
186.665157 |
| ω (w, deg) |
321.971509 |
| M (ma, deg) |
0.000124 |
Magnitude
Scatter + Global Linear
$$
M_a = (19.818 + 2.000\cdot 2.5\log_{10} r) + \epsilon - 2.5\log_{10}\Phi(\theta) + 5\log_{10}\Delta
$$
$$
\theta = 180^\circ - \alpha
$$
$$
\Phi(\theta) = \frac{\delta_{90} D(\theta) + 1}{\delta_{90} + 1},\quad D(\theta) = k\cdot \Phi_{HG}(\theta; g_f) + (1-k)\cdot \Phi_{HG}(\theta; g_b)
$$
$$
\Phi_{HG}(\theta; g) = \left(\frac{1+g^2}{1+g^2-2g\cos\theta}\right)^{3/2},\quad \Phi_{HG}(90^\circ)=1
$$
Model Parameters
| Parameter |
Value |
| H0 |
19.818 |
| n |
2.000 |
| gf |
1.000 |
| gb |
-0.877 |
| k |
1.000 |
| δ90 |
10.000 |
| Parameter |
Symbol |
Range |
Description |
| Absolute magnitude at 1 AU from Sun and Earth |
H0 |
-5 to 20 |
Intrinsic brightness of the comet |
| Photometric slope parameter |
n |
2 to 6 |
Rate of brightness change with heliocentric distance |
| Forward scattering asymmetry factor |
gf |
0.8 to 1 |
Degree of forward scattering |
| Backward scattering asymmetry factor |
gb |
-1 to -0.5 |
Degree of backward scattering |
| Partitioning coefficient |
k |
0.8 to 1 |
Ratio between forward/backward scattering contributions |
| Dust-to-gas brightness ratio |
δ90 |
1 to 10 |
Relative contribution of dust scattering to gas emission |
Reference: EPSC-DPS2025-160
Ephemeris
| Date/Time (UTC) |
RA (J2000) |
Dec (J2000) |
Nearest HIP |
Dist from HIP (arcmin) |
| 2026-02-03 00:00 |
02:42:15.16 |
+56:08:10.5 |
HIP 12520 |
12.35 |
| 2026-02-03 12:00 |
02:42:15.00 |
+56:07:20.8 |
HIP 12520 |
12.89 |
| 2026-02-04 00:00 |
02:42:14.91 |
+56:06:31.4 |
HIP 12520 |
13.46 |
| 2026-02-04 12:00 |
02:42:14.89 |
+56:05:42.1 |
HIP 12520 |
14.06 |
| 2026-02-05 00:00 |
02:42:14.94 |
+56:04:53.1 |
HIP 12520 |
14.69 |
| 2026-02-05 12:00 |
02:42:15.07 |
+56:04:04.2 |
HIP 12520 |
15.34 |
| 2026-02-06 00:00 |
02:42:15.27 |
+56:03:15.5 |
HIP 12520 |
16.01 |
| 2026-02-06 12:00 |
02:42:15.54 |
+56:02:27.1 |
HIP 12520 |
16.69 |
| 2026-02-07 00:00 |
02:42:15.87 |
+56:01:38.8 |
HIP 12520 |
17.38 |
| 2026-02-07 12:00 |
02:42:16.28 |
+56:00:50.8 |
HIP 12520 |
18.09 |
| 2026-02-08 00:00 |
02:42:16.76 |
+56:00:03.0 |
HIP 12520 |
18.81 |
| 2026-02-08 12:00 |
02:42:17.31 |
+55:59:15.4 |
HIP 12520 |
19.53 |
| 2026-02-09 00:00 |
02:42:17.93 |
+55:58:28.0 |
HIP 12520 |
20.26 |
| 2026-02-09 12:00 |
02:42:18.62 |
+55:57:40.9 |
HIP 12520 |
21.00 |
| 2026-02-10 00:00 |
02:42:19.38 |
+55:56:53.9 |
HIP 12520 |
21.74 |
| 2026-02-10 12:00 |
02:42:20.21 |
+55:56:07.2 |
HIP 12520 |
22.49 |
| 2026-02-11 00:00 |
02:42:21.11 |
+55:55:20.8 |
HIP 12816 |
23.15 |
| 2026-02-11 12:00 |
02:42:22.08 |
+55:54:34.6 |
HIP 12816 |
22.67 |
| 2026-02-12 00:00 |
02:42:23.11 |
+55:53:48.6 |
HIP 12816 |
22.21 |
| 2026-02-12 12:00 |
02:42:24.22 |
+55:53:02.9 |
HIP 12816 |
21.76 |
| 2026-02-13 00:00 |
02:42:25.39 |
+55:52:17.4 |
HIP 12816 |
21.32 |
| 2026-02-13 12:00 |
02:42:26.63 |
+55:51:32.1 |
HIP 12816 |
20.89 |
| 2026-02-14 00:00 |
02:42:27.94 |
+55:50:47.1 |
HIP 12816 |
20.48 |
| 2026-02-14 12:00 |
02:42:29.32 |
+55:50:02.4 |
HIP 12816 |
20.07 |
| 2026-02-15 00:00 |
02:42:30.76 |
+55:49:17.9 |
HIP 12816 |
19.68 |
| 2026-02-15 12:00 |
02:42:32.27 |
+55:48:33.7 |
HIP 12816 |
19.31 |
| 2026-02-16 00:00 |
02:42:33.85 |
+55:47:49.8 |
HIP 12816 |
18.95 |
| 2026-02-16 12:00 |
02:42:35.49 |
+55:47:06.1 |
HIP 12816 |
18.60 |
| 2026-02-17 00:00 |
02:42:37.20 |
+55:46:22.7 |
HIP 12816 |
18.28 |
| 2026-02-17 12:00 |
02:42:38.98 |
+55:45:39.5 |
HIP 12816 |
17.97 |
| 2026-02-18 00:00 |
02:42:40.82 |
+55:44:56.7 |
HIP 12816 |
17.67 |
| 2026-02-18 12:00 |
02:42:42.73 |
+55:44:14.1 |
HIP 12816 |
17.40 |
| 2026-02-19 00:00 |
02:42:44.70 |
+55:43:31.8 |
HIP 12575 |
17.05 |
| 2026-02-19 12:00 |
02:42:46.74 |
+55:42:49.8 |
HIP 12575 |
16.61 |
| 2026-02-20 00:00 |
02:42:48.84 |
+55:42:08.1 |
HIP 12575 |
16.20 |
| 2026-02-20 12:00 |
02:42:51.01 |
+55:41:26.6 |
HIP 12575 |
15.83 |
| 2026-02-21 00:00 |
02:42:53.24 |
+55:40:45.5 |
HIP 12575 |
15.49 |
| 2026-02-21 12:00 |
02:42:55.53 |
+55:40:04.6 |
HIP 12575 |
15.19 |
| 2026-02-22 00:00 |
02:42:57.88 |
+55:39:24.0 |
HIP 12575 |
14.94 |
| 2026-02-22 12:00 |
02:43:00.30 |
+55:38:43.8 |
HIP 12575 |
14.73 |
| 2026-02-23 00:00 |
02:43:02.78 |
+55:38:03.8 |
HIP 12575 |
14.56 |
| 2026-02-23 12:00 |
02:43:05.32 |
+55:37:24.2 |
HIP 12575 |
14.45 |
| 2026-02-24 00:00 |
02:43:07.93 |
+55:36:44.8 |
HIP 12575 |
14.38 |